- WELL-E

@article{belanger-naud_is_2024,

title = {Is there a right time for dairy Alpine goat kid weaning: How does the weaning age of dairy Alpine goat kids affect their growth and behavior?},

author = {Stéphanie Bélanger-Naud and Tania Wolfe and Athena Zambelis and Janie Lévesque and Carl Julien and Elsa Vasseur},

url = {https://academic.oup.com/jas/article/doi/10.1093/jas/skad413/7492733},

doi = {10.1093/jas/skad413},

issn = {0021-8812, 1525-3163},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-06-05},

journal = {Journal of Animal Science},

volume = {102},

pages = {skad413},

abstract = {Abstract In dairy goat kids, weaning is often associated with poor growth leading to a decline in welfare and performance; however, little is known about optimal weaning practices. This study aimed to determine the optimal weaning age for dairy goat kids to maximize outcome measures of welfare related to growth, feed intake, and behavior. Thirty-six newborn female Alpine kids were blocked by weight and birth date, paired with a similar male companion and randomly allocated to one of the three weaning age treatments: 6 (6W), 8 (8W), and 10 wk (10W). Kids had ad libitum access to acidified milk replacer refilled twice daily, concentrates, hay, and water. Milk consumption was measured daily, and concentrate consumption, weekly. Ten behaviors were live observed on days −8, −4, 0, 6, and 12 relative to weaning (i.e., weaning day = 0). Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to assess differences from baseline between the 6W, 8W, and 10W treatments. Post hoc analysis using the Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Fligner (DSCF) multiple comparison analysis was used to evaluate pairwise treatment differences based on two-sample Wilcoxon comparisons. Kids weaned at 10 wk had the greatest increase compared to baseline in concentrate consumption (P = 0.0160), and greatest decrease compared to baseline in vocalization (P = 0.0008) while both 8- and 10- wk kid’s groups had the greatest increase compared to baseline in self-grooming time (P < 0.0001), and cross-sucking time (P = 0.0006). Kids weaned at 6 wk of age were found to have the smallest increase compared to baseline in concentrate consumption (P = 0.0160) and self-grooming time (P < 0.0001), and the greatest increase compared to baseline in allogrooming time (P = 0.0032) and in redirected behaviors aimed towards the environment (biting and licking time [P = 0.0173]; displacement at the nipple frequency [P = 0.0236]). No negative impact of weaning on growth of either group was identified. Overall, our results tend towards a higher degree of discomfort behaviors (allogrooming, biting/licking, displacement, and vocalizations) in kids weaned earlier compared to later weaning, while kids weaned later showed higher levels of positive behaviors (lying time and self-grooming).},

keywords = {Article de journal},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Fermer

Abstract In dairy goat kids, weaning is often associated with poor growth leading to a decline in welfare and performance; however, little is known about optimal weaning practices. This study aimed to determine the optimal weaning age for dairy goat kids to maximize outcome measures of welfare related to growth, feed intake, and behavior. Thirty-six newborn female Alpine kids were blocked by weight and birth date, paired with a similar male companion and randomly allocated to one of the three weaning age treatments: 6 (6W), 8 (8W), and 10 wk (10W). Kids had ad libitum access to acidified milk replacer refilled twice daily, concentrates, hay, and water. Milk consumption was measured daily, and concentrate consumption, weekly. Ten behaviors were live observed on days −8, −4, 0, 6, and 12 relative to weaning (i.e., weaning day = 0). Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to assess differences from baseline between the 6W, 8W, and 10W treatments. Post hoc analysis using the Dwass, Steel, Critchlow-Fligner (DSCF) multiple comparison analysis was used to evaluate pairwise treatment differences based on two-sample Wilcoxon comparisons. Kids weaned at 10 wk had the greatest increase compared to baseline in concentrate consumption (P = 0.0160), and greatest decrease compared to baseline in vocalization (P = 0.0008) while both 8- and 10- wk kid’s groups had the greatest increase compared to baseline in self-grooming time (P < 0.0001), and cross-sucking time (P = 0.0006). Kids weaned at 6 wk of age were found to have the smallest increase compared to baseline in concentrate consumption (P = 0.0160) and self-grooming time (P < 0.0001), and the greatest increase compared to baseline in allogrooming time (P = 0.0032) and in redirected behaviors aimed towards the environment (biting and licking time [P = 0.0173]; displacement at the nipple frequency [P = 0.0236]). No negative impact of weaning on growth of either group was identified. Overall, our results tend towards a higher degree of discomfort behaviors (allogrooming, biting/licking, displacement, and vocalizations) in kids weaned earlier compared to later weaning, while kids weaned later showed higher levels of positive behaviors (lying time and self-grooming).

Fermer

Aigueperse, Nadège; Boyer, Véronique; Vasseur, Elsa

How outing conditions relate to the motivation of movement-restricted cattle to access an outdoor exercise yard [External] Article de journal

Dans: Behavioural Processes, vol. 213, p. 104957, 2023, ISSN: 03766357.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de journal

Diallo, A. B.; Vasseur, E.

Le Projet WELL-E (IA au service du bien-être des bovins laitiers). [External] Présentation

Montreal, Canada, 01.11.2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: conférencier invité

Vasseur, Elsa; Diallo, Abdoulaye Banire

Capsule vidéo Well-E : Intelligence artificielle au service du bien-être des bovins laitiers [External] Présentation

Drummondville, Quebec, 01.10.2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Vliet, Rachel; Wolfe, Tania; Arsenault, Sandrine

WELL-E Posters [External] Présentation

Drummondville, Quebec, 01.10.2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Julliot, C.; Dallago, G. M.; Nejati, A.; Diallo, A. B.; Vasseur, E.

Utiliser la cinématique pour quantifier les attributs de la démarche et prédire un score de démarche chez les vaches laitières [External] Présentation

Quebec City, Canada, 01.10.2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Julliot, C.; Dallago, G. M.; Nejati, Amir; Diallo, A. B.; Vasseur, E.

Décrypter les secrets de la démarche : comment la cinématique peut prédire les scores de démarche chez la vache laitière [External] Présentation

Quebec CIty, Canada, 01.10.2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Muszik, Jasmine; Cellier, M.; Aigueperse, N.; Vasseur, E.

Émotions Animales : Un Regard Approfondi sur la Motivation, l'Anticipation, et la Frustration [External] Présentation

Quebec City, Canada, 01.10.2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Cellier, M.; Aigueperse, N.; Vasseur, E.

Alors, on sort? Caractérisation de l'anticipation des vaches laitières pour un accès à l'extérieure [External] Présentation

Quebec City, Canada, 01.10.2023.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{cellier_alors_2023,

title = {Alors, on sort? Caractérisation de l'anticipation des vaches laitières pour un accès à l'extérieure},

author = {M. Cellier and N. Aigueperse and E. Vasseur},

url = {https://www.oplait.org/activites-galactinnov},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

urldate = {2023-10-01},

address = {Quebec City, Canada},

abstract = {L'accès régulier à une aire d’exercice extérieure peut être vu comme un enrichissement, mais il n’est pas clair comment les vaches le perçoivent. Notre étude vise à caractériser les comportements d'anticipation de vaches avec opportunités de mouvement limitées quand un accès à une aire d’exercice extérieure leur est offert. Au cours de 2 essais indépendants, 32 vaches ont été divisées en 2 groupes : les contrôles (C; n=8 pour l’essai 1 (E1) et l’essai 2 (E2)) restant à l'intérieur, et les traitements (T; n=8 pour E1 et E2) sortant à l'extérieur 5j/sem pendant 8 semaines. Les sorties combinaient différentes durées de sortie et superficies d’aire. Des indices de sortie (e.g., préparation des allées) ont été mis en place 20min avant que les vaches ne sortent. Des enregistrements vidéo ont été faits pendant cette période pour relever les comportements liés à l’activité générale (ex : manger, boire), les comportements anticipatoires (ex : regarder la porte, piétiner) ainsi que les positions des oreilles (ex : en avant). Le nombre de changements comportementaux et de positions d’oreilles a également été calculé. Une analyse en composante principales a ensuite été réalisée sur les fréquences et les durées des comportements. Pour E1 et E2, les deux mêmes dimensions ont été trouvées : la dimension 1 opposant le repos à l’agitation, et la dimension 2 opposant la vigilance et le maintien de l’activité habituelle. Lors de E1, les C étaient plutôt au repos et maintenaient leurs activités habituelles tandis que les T étaient plutôt agitées et vigilantes. Au contraire, lors de E2, les C étaient plutôt agités (et maintenaient leurs activités habituelles) alors que les T étaient plutôt au repos (et vigilantes). Étudier des périodes ciblées (ex : les 5 premières minutes après les indices de sortie) ou utiliser d’autres types d’analyse (ex : les séries temporelles) pourrait permettre de mieux détailler et comprendre l'anticipation. Combinée à des indicateurs comme la motivation, elle participerait à évaluer la valence d’un enrichissement pour les vaches.},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

Fermer

L'accès régulier à une aire d’exercice extérieure peut être vu comme un enrichissement, mais il n’est pas clair comment les vaches le perçoivent. Notre étude vise à caractériser les comportements d'anticipation de vaches avec opportunités de mouvement limitées quand un accès à une aire d’exercice extérieure leur est offert. Au cours de 2 essais indépendants, 32 vaches ont été divisées en 2 groupes : les contrôles (C; n=8 pour l’essai 1 (E1) et l’essai 2 (E2)) restant à l'intérieur, et les traitements (T; n=8 pour E1 et E2) sortant à l'extérieur 5j/sem pendant 8 semaines. Les sorties combinaient différentes durées de sortie et superficies d’aire. Des indices de sortie (e.g., préparation des allées) ont été mis en place 20min avant que les vaches ne sortent. Des enregistrements vidéo ont été faits pendant cette période pour relever les comportements liés à l’activité générale (ex : manger, boire), les comportements anticipatoires (ex : regarder la porte, piétiner) ainsi que les positions des oreilles (ex : en avant). Le nombre de changements comportementaux et de positions d’oreilles a également été calculé. Une analyse en composante principales a ensuite été réalisée sur les fréquences et les durées des comportements. Pour E1 et E2, les deux mêmes dimensions ont été trouvées : la dimension 1 opposant le repos à l’agitation, et la dimension 2 opposant la vigilance et le maintien de l’activité habituelle. Lors de E1, les C étaient plutôt au repos et maintenaient leurs activités habituelles tandis que les T étaient plutôt agitées et vigilantes. Au contraire, lors de E2, les C étaient plutôt agités (et maintenaient leurs activités habituelles) alors que les T étaient plutôt au repos (et vigilantes). Étudier des périodes ciblées (ex : les 5 premières minutes après les indices de sortie) ou utiliser d’autres types d’analyse (ex : les séries temporelles) pourrait permettre de mieux détailler et comprendre l'anticipation. Combinée à des indicateurs comme la motivation, elle participerait à évaluer la valence d’un enrichissement pour les vaches.

Fermer

Mrabah, Nairouz; Amar, Mohamed Mahmoud; Bouguessa, Mohamed; Diallo, Abdoulaye Banire

Toward Convex Manifolds: A Geometric Perspective for Deep Graph Clustering of Single-cell RNA-seq Data [External] Article d'actes

Dans: Proceedings of the Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, p. 4855–4863, International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, Macau, SAR China, 2023, ISBN: 978-1-956792-03-4.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de conference

Palacio, S.; Zambelis, A.; Adam, S.; Bergeron, R.; Pellerin, D.; Haley, D.; DeVries, T. J.; Vasseur, E.

Reassessing cow comfort measures on Canadian dairy farms after a recommendation of improvements [External] Article de journal

Dans: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, vol. 103, no 2, p. 174–184, 2023, ISSN: 0008-3984, 1918-1825.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de journal

Zhu, J.; Lacroix, R.; Wade, K.

Automated extraction of domain knowledge for transition-cow management [External] Présentation

Ottawa, Canada, 01.06.2023.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{zhu_automated_2023,

title = {Automated extraction of domain knowledge for transition-cow management},

author = {J. Zhu and R. Lacroix and K. Wade},

url = {https://www.adsa.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Docs/Meetings/2023ADSA/Abstracts_BOOK_2023.pdf},

year = {2023},

date = {2023-06-01},

urldate = {2023-06-01},

address = {Ottawa, Canada},

abstract = {In dairy cattle, the transition period (±3 weeks from calving) represents a challenging time for management. Vast changes in a cow’s physiology, housing, and feeding often result in metabolic or reproductive diseases, leading to a drop in production. Because most metabolic processes are intricately linked, dairy producers and their advisors may have difficulty drawing concise conclusions concerning transition-cow management. To help in this, machine-learning techniques and knowledge-graph theory were explored with a view to creating a decision-support system that could provide producers and their advisors with knowledge from domain literature. Specifically, knowledge was modeled as entities and relationships in knowledge-graph theory, and natural language models were developed to extract information as knowledge graphs. A data set comprising 1,152 sentences from 20 papers was created and split into 922 sentences for training and 230 sentences for testing. Two deep-learning models were trained to extract entities and relationships, respectively. For testing, a bi-lstm model was applied to the entity extraction task and obtained an F1 score of 80%. With regard to relationship extraction, a transformer-based model was deployed but yielded a low F1 of 23%. Therefore, a pre-trained transformer model with 80.8% accuracy was deployed. After feeding the domain literature into the deep-learning models, a knowledge graph of 1,576 nodes and 3,456 edges was constructed and stored in a Neo4j graph database. Subsequently, a semantic parsing method was used to allow users to query the knowledge graph using natural language. To determine the quality of the responses, answers were sampled and evaluated based on human evaluation. On average, the answers scored 7.5 out of 10 and proved informative with respect to the original literature. Although the final interactive results demonstrated a high degree of visualization and scalability, this study primarily sought to demonstrate its feasibility. For tailored industrial applications, further improvements could be implemented in specific knowledge-graph expansion and reasoning.},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

Fermer

In dairy cattle, the transition period (±3 weeks from calving) represents a challenging time for management. Vast changes in a cow’s physiology, housing, and feeding often result in metabolic or reproductive diseases, leading to a drop in production. Because most metabolic processes are intricately linked, dairy producers and their advisors may have difficulty drawing concise conclusions concerning transition-cow management. To help in this, machine-learning techniques and knowledge-graph theory were explored with a view to creating a decision-support system that could provide producers and their advisors with knowledge from domain literature. Specifically, knowledge was modeled as entities and relationships in knowledge-graph theory, and natural language models were developed to extract information as knowledge graphs. A data set comprising 1,152 sentences from 20 papers was created and split into 922 sentences for training and 230 sentences for testing. Two deep-learning models were trained to extract entities and relationships, respectively. For testing, a bi-lstm model was applied to the entity extraction task and obtained an F1 score of 80%. With regard to relationship extraction, a transformer-based model was deployed but yielded a low F1 of 23%. Therefore, a pre-trained transformer model with 80.8% accuracy was deployed. After feeding the domain literature into the deep-learning models, a knowledge graph of 1,576 nodes and 3,456 edges was constructed and stored in a Neo4j graph database. Subsequently, a semantic parsing method was used to allow users to query the knowledge graph using natural language. To determine the quality of the responses, answers were sampled and evaluated based on human evaluation. On average, the answers scored 7.5 out of 10 and proved informative with respect to the original literature. Although the final interactive results demonstrated a high degree of visualization and scalability, this study primarily sought to demonstrate its feasibility. For tailored industrial applications, further improvements could be implemented in specific knowledge-graph expansion and reasoning.

Fermer

Mokhtarnazif, S.; Shepley, E.; Nejati, A.; Dallago, G. M.; Vasseur, E.

The effect of limited outdoor access frequencies on gait score, hoof lesions and hoof surface temperature of non-clinically lame cows housed in a movement-restricted environment. [External] Présentation

Ottawa, Canada, 01.06.2023.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Julliot, C.; Dallago, G. M.; Nejati, A.; Diallo, A. B.; Vasseur, E.

Using kinematic to quantify gait attributes and predict gait score in dairy cows. [External] Présentation

Ottawa, Canada, 01.06.2023.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{julliot_using_2023,

title = {Using kinematic to quantify gait attributes and predict gait score in dairy cows.},

author = {C. Julliot and G. M. Dallago and A. Nejati and A. B. Diallo and E. Vasseur},

url = {https://www.adsa.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Docs/Meetings/2023ADSA/Abstracts_BOOK_2023.pdf},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-01},

urldate = {2023-06-01},

address = {Ottawa, Canada},

abstract = {Early identification of gait abnormalities could reduce lameness in dairy cows, but current assessment methods are laborious, making their use prohibitive for continuous monitoring. The objective of this pilot study was to predict the gait scores of dairy cows based on the gait attributes obtained using kinematic data. Data were collected from 12 Holstein cows between January 18 and February 12, 2021, using reflective markers attached to 20 anatomical locations. Cows were walked multiple times in a 7-m passageway corridor with 3 cameras on each side, totaling 69 passages of 3 steps long each. Five gait attributes of distance, duration, and velocity were calculated using 3D coordinates of the hoof markers. Range of motion was measured based on the angle between the stifle, hock, and fetlock markers of the rear legs. A trained observer scored cows’ gait on a 5-point numerical rating system (NRS), with scores ranging from 1 (sound) to 5 (severe lameness). Passages with NRS scores of 1.5 (n = 1) and 4 (n = 2) were removed since there were insufficient samples to represent these scores. The data were split into training and validation sets following a 70:30 ratio stratified by the distribution of the NRS scores. The machine learning algorithms RPART, GBM, XGBM, RF, and SVM with a radial basis kernel were trained using leave-one-out cross-validation. In addition to the original data, weighted classification and synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) were also tested due to uneven NRS distribution. The models were evaluated according to their accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and balanced accuracy on the validation split. The best model was the XGBM trained using the original data, which achieved an overall accuracy of 0.66 (95% CI = 0.53–0.78). Conversely, the weighted RPART classification model had the lowest overall accuracy of 0.44 (95% CI = 0.31–0.57). The insights from this pilot study contribute to developing an automatic monitoring system to identify and treat cows that have impaired locomotion but are not yet clinically lame, allowing for improved welfare and profitability of dairy cows.},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

Fermer

Early identification of gait abnormalities could reduce lameness in dairy cows, but current assessment methods are laborious, making their use prohibitive for continuous monitoring. The objective of this pilot study was to predict the gait scores of dairy cows based on the gait attributes obtained using kinematic data. Data were collected from 12 Holstein cows between January 18 and February 12, 2021, using reflective markers attached to 20 anatomical locations. Cows were walked multiple times in a 7-m passageway corridor with 3 cameras on each side, totaling 69 passages of 3 steps long each. Five gait attributes of distance, duration, and velocity were calculated using 3D coordinates of the hoof markers. Range of motion was measured based on the angle between the stifle, hock, and fetlock markers of the rear legs. A trained observer scored cows’ gait on a 5-point numerical rating system (NRS), with scores ranging from 1 (sound) to 5 (severe lameness). Passages with NRS scores of 1.5 (n = 1) and 4 (n = 2) were removed since there were insufficient samples to represent these scores. The data were split into training and validation sets following a 70:30 ratio stratified by the distribution of the NRS scores. The machine learning algorithms RPART, GBM, XGBM, RF, and SVM with a radial basis kernel were trained using leave-one-out cross-validation. In addition to the original data, weighted classification and synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) were also tested due to uneven NRS distribution. The models were evaluated according to their accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and balanced accuracy on the validation split. The best model was the XGBM trained using the original data, which achieved an overall accuracy of 0.66 (95% CI = 0.53–0.78). Conversely, the weighted RPART classification model had the lowest overall accuracy of 0.44 (95% CI = 0.31–0.57). The insights from this pilot study contribute to developing an automatic monitoring system to identify and treat cows that have impaired locomotion but are not yet clinically lame, allowing for improved welfare and profitability of dairy cows.

Fermer

Cellier, M.; Aigueperse, N.; Vasseur, E.

To go or not to go? Assessing anticipation for outdoor access in dairy cows [External] Présentation

Ottawa, Canada, 01.06.2023.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{cellier_go_2023,

title = {To go or not to go? Assessing anticipation for outdoor access in dairy cows},

author = {M. Cellier and N. Aigueperse and E. Vasseur},

url = {https://www.adsa.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Docs/Meetings/2023ADSA/Abstracts_BOOK_2023.pdf},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-01},

urldate = {2023-06-01},

address = {Ottawa, Canada},

abstract = {Regular outdoor access may enrich movement-restricted cows’ lives, but how they perceive it is unclear. Measures of cognitive processes, such as anticipation, can provide information on animal emotions. Our study aimed to characterize the anticipatory behaviors of cows living in restricted movement environments when an outing experience is provided as enrichment. In 2 independently analyzed trials, 32 tie-stallhoused lactating cows were blocked by parity and DIM and divided into 2 groups. Control cows (C; n = 8 in winter (W) and summer (S)) remained inside for the duration of the experiment, and outdoor cows (O; n = 8 in W and S) were provided with 5 d/week of outdoor access for 8 weeks. The outdoor areas combined different durations of outing (1 vs 2 h) and area sizes (20, 40, 60 and 80 m2). Exit cues, such as route preparation and halter placement in front of the outdoor cows, were set 20 min before the cows had outdoor access, and video recordings were taken during this period. The number of behavioral and ear position transitions were recorded and analyzed with 2 mixed models:1) to compare C vs. O cows with treatment, day, and their interaction as fixed effects, and cow nested within block as random effect; and 2) to test the influence of duration, area size, their interaction, and day as fixed effects, and cow nested within block as random effect. For W and S, no significant differences were found for anticipatory behaviors between C and O cows, nor for different durations and area sizes (overall mean ± SD: behavioral transitions: C: 23.9 ± 22.5, O: 20.9 ± 20.4; ear position transitions: C: 71.3 ± 22.5, O: 79.6 ± 20.4). Investigation of other behaviors before the exit (e.g., exploration, trampling, or lying) and having targeted observation periods (e.g., the first 5 min after setting exit cues) could allow for a more detailed study of the animal’s behavioral expression during anticipation. Combined with other indicators such as motivation, it would provide a basis for assessing emotional states in animals.},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

Fermer

Regular outdoor access may enrich movement-restricted cows’ lives, but how they perceive it is unclear. Measures of cognitive processes, such as anticipation, can provide information on animal emotions. Our study aimed to characterize the anticipatory behaviors of cows living in restricted movement environments when an outing experience is provided as enrichment. In 2 independently analyzed trials, 32 tie-stallhoused lactating cows were blocked by parity and DIM and divided into 2 groups. Control cows (C; n = 8 in winter (W) and summer (S)) remained inside for the duration of the experiment, and outdoor cows (O; n = 8 in W and S) were provided with 5 d/week of outdoor access for 8 weeks. The outdoor areas combined different durations of outing (1 vs 2 h) and area sizes (20, 40, 60 and 80 m2). Exit cues, such as route preparation and halter placement in front of the outdoor cows, were set 20 min before the cows had outdoor access, and video recordings were taken during this period. The number of behavioral and ear position transitions were recorded and analyzed with 2 mixed models:1) to compare C vs. O cows with treatment, day, and their interaction as fixed effects, and cow nested within block as random effect; and 2) to test the influence of duration, area size, their interaction, and day as fixed effects, and cow nested within block as random effect. For W and S, no significant differences were found for anticipatory behaviors between C and O cows, nor for different durations and area sizes (overall mean ± SD: behavioral transitions: C: 23.9 ± 22.5, O: 20.9 ± 20.4; ear position transitions: C: 71.3 ± 22.5, O: 79.6 ± 20.4). Investigation of other behaviors before the exit (e.g., exploration, trampling, or lying) and having targeted observation periods (e.g., the first 5 min after setting exit cues) could allow for a more detailed study of the animal’s behavioral expression during anticipation. Combined with other indicators such as motivation, it would provide a basis for assessing emotional states in animals.

Fermer

Dallago, G. M.

Panel discussion on opportunity and challenges related to use of sensors for health and welfare. Présentation

Online, 01.06.2023.

BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Dallago, G. M.

Using 3D coordinates and machine learning to predict dairy cow locomotor ability Présentation

Online, 01.06.2023.

BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Vliet, Rachel; Aigueperse, Nadege; Vasseur, Elsa

CAREGIVERS ENGAGING IN MONKEY BUSINESS: EVALUATING THE USE OF CAREGIVERS AS SOCIAL ENRICHMENT FOR CAPTIVE RHESUS AND CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES [External] Présentation

Online, 01.06.2023.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{van_vliet_caregivers_2023,

title = {CAREGIVERS ENGAGING IN MONKEY BUSINESS: EVALUATING THE USE OF CAREGIVERS AS SOCIAL ENRICHMENT FOR CAPTIVE RHESUS AND CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES},

author = {Rachel Vliet and Nadege Aigueperse and Elsa Vasseur},

url = {https://www.ufaw.org.uk/ufaw-events/ufaw-online-animal-welfare-conference-2023},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-01},

urldate = {2023-06-01},

address = {Online},

abstract = {Enrichment recommendations for captive non-human primates prioritize group-housing to provide them with social enrichment, which is often not possible in laboratory environments, due to infrastructural and experimental constraints. Our objective was to test if caregivers could serve as effective social enrichment for captive rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and to see if there was an effect of the type of social behaviours they employed. Eight female pair-housed macaques (rhesus n=5, cynomolgus n=3) were split evenly into two treatment groups: human behaviour (HB) and monkey-like behaviour (MB). For monkeys in the HB group, caregivers would use only human behaviours while interacting with them. For those in the MB group, caregivers would attempt to replicate macaque 

social behaviours. Treatment occurred daily at 1pm, when the monkeys would receive fresh produce, and lasted three weeks. The caregiver would attempt to engage with each subject for 6 minutes: 2 minutes during feeding and 2 minutes before and after. Interactions were unstructured, and caregivers would gauge their behaviours 

based on the monkey’s reactions. Our results showed that monkeys were more likely to engage in interactions before feeding. During interactions, MB monkeys interacted less with the caregivers, showing lower rates of affiliative, submissive, and abnormal behaviour than HB monkeys (P < 0.10). Monkeys from both groups spent most of their time oriented towards the caregivers and at the front of their cages, showed a 2.2 ± 0.69% (7.9 sec},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

Fermer

Mrabah, Nairouz; Amar, Mohamed Mahmoud; Bouguessa, Mohamed; Diallo, Abdoulaye Banire

Exploring the Interaction between Local and Global Latent Configurations for Clustering Single-Cell RNA-Seq: A Unified Perspective [External] Article d'actes

Dans: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, p. 9235–9242, 2023.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de conference

@inproceedings{mrabah_exploring_2023,

title = {Exploring the Interaction between Local and Global Latent Configurations for Clustering Single-Cell RNA-Seq: A Unified Perspective},

author = {Nairouz Mrabah and Mohamed Mahmoud Amar and Mohamed Bouguessa and Abdoulaye Banire Diallo},

url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/26107},

doi = {10.1609/aaai.v37i8.26107},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-01},

urldate = {2024-10-16},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},

volume = {37},

pages = {9235–9242},

abstract = {The most recent approaches for clustering single-cell RNA-sequencing data rely on deep auto-encoders. However, three major challenges remain unaddressed. First, current models overlook the impact of the cumulative errors induced by the pseudo-supervised embedding clustering task (Feature Randomness). Second, existing methods neglect the effect of the strong competition between embedding clustering and reconstruction (Feature Drift). Third, the previous deep clustering models regularly fail to consider the topological information of the latent data, even though the local and global latent configurations can bring complementary views to the clustering task. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach that explores the interaction between local and global latent configurations to progressively adjust the reconstruction and embedding clustering tasks. We elaborate a topological and probabilistic filter to mitigate Feature Randomness and a cell-cell graph structure and content correction mechanism to counteract Feature Drift. The Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial model is also integrated to capture the characteristics of gene expression profiles. We conduct detailed experiments on real-world datasets from multiple representative genome sequencing platforms. Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art clustering methods in various evaluation metrics.},

keywords = {Article de conference},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

Fermer

Cellier, M.; Aigueperse, N.; Vasseur, E.

Sortir ou ne pas sortir ? Évaluation de l'anticipation de l'accès à l'extérieur chez les vaches laitières [External] Présentation

Montreal, 01.05.2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

banire Diallo, Abdoulaye; Vasseur, Elsa

Mesurer et suivre le bien-être animal pour une production laitière durable : un enjeu de mobilité et de big data [External] Présentation

Online, 01.05.2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Vasseur, Elsa; banire Diallo, Abdoulaye

Présentation du projet WELL-E [External] Présentation

Qc, 01.05.2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Bradtmueller, Anna; Nejati, Amir; Shepley, Elise; Vasseur, Elsa

Applications of Technology to Record Locomotion Measurements in Dairy Cows: A Systematic Review [External] Article de journal

Dans: Animals, vol. 13, no 6, p. 1121, 2023, ISSN: 2076-2615.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de journal

@article{bradtmueller_applications_2023,

title = {Applications of Technology to Record Locomotion Measurements in Dairy Cows: A Systematic Review},

author = {Anna Bradtmueller and Amir Nejati and Elise Shepley and Elsa Vasseur},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/6/1121},

doi = {10.3390/ani13061121},

issn = {2076-2615},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-01},

urldate = {2024-06-05},

journal = {Animals},

volume = {13},

number = {6},

pages = {1121},

abstract = {Lameness within the dairy industry is a concern because of its associated costs and welfare implications. Visual locomotion scoring has been commonly used for assessing cows’ locomotion quality, but it can have low reliability and is relatively subjective compared to automated methods of assessing locomotion. Kinematic, kinetic, and accelerometric technologies can provide a greater number of more detailed outcome measurements than visual scoring. The objective of this systematic review was to determine outcome measurements, and the relationships between them, that have been recorded using kinematic, kinetic, and accelerometric technologies, as well as other approaches to evaluating cow locomotion. Following PRISMA guidelines, two databases were searched for studies published from January 2000 to June 2022. Thirty-seven articles were retained after undergoing a screening process involving a title and abstract evaluation, followed by a full-text assessment. Locomotion measurements recorded using these technologies often overlapped, but inconsistencies in the types of technology, the arrangement of equipment, the terminology, and the measurement-recording approaches made it difficult to compare locomotion measurements across studies. Additional research would contribute to a better understanding of how factors regarding the health, environment, and management of dairy cows affect aspects of locomotion, as recorded through the detailed, objective outcome measurements provided by these technologies.},

keywords = {Article de journal},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Fermer

Palacio, Santiago; Adam, Steve; Bergeron, Renée; Pellerin, Doris; Passillé, Anne Marie De; Rushen, Jeff; Haley, Derek; DeVries, Trevor J.; Vasseur, Elsa

Minor stall modifications and outdoor access can help improve dairy cow welfare in tie-stalls [External] Article de journal

Dans: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, vol. 103, no 1, p. 1–14, 2023, ISSN: 0008-3984, 1918-1825.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de journal

@article{palacio_minor_2023,

title = {Minor stall modifications and outdoor access can help improve dairy cow welfare in tie-stalls},

author = {Santiago Palacio and Steve Adam and Renée Bergeron and Doris Pellerin and Anne Marie De Passillé and Jeff Rushen and Derek Haley and Trevor J. DeVries and Elsa Vasseur},

url = {https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjas-2022-0038},

doi = {10.1139/cjas-2022-0038},

issn = {0008-3984, 1918-1825},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-01},

urldate = {2024-06-05},

journal = {Canadian Journal of Animal Science},

volume = {103},

number = {1},

pages = {1–14},

abstract = {Tie-stalls are the most confining method of housing for dairy cows and remain commonly used to house cows in many countries. Finding methods to improve animal welfare through housing modifications and alternative management strategies are of increasing importance. Twelve tie-stall dairy farms in Ontario and Quebec, Canada were visited four times in a 12 month period. Visits were spread to observe the effects of pasture (visit 1), short-term effects of stall modifications (visit 2), effects of winter confinement (visit 3), and final measures after 1 year (visit 4). Lameness, injuries, cow cleanliness, lying and rising behaviors, and production parameters were assessed at each visit. Outdoor access had the largest effect: cows with access to pasture had a lower prevalence of various outcome measures throughout all four visits. Also, cows in modified stalls had a higher prevalence of dirty udders compared to cows in unmodified stalls, but only on farms that provided outdoor access. Although applying minor stall modifications to tie-stalls can help improve aspects of animal welfare, providing year-round outdoor access may represent a more effective method; the continued provision of time outside the stall helps maintain the positive impact of outdoor/pasture access on the welfare of tie-stall dairy cows.},

keywords = {Article de journal},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Fermer

Naghashi, V.; Dallago, G. M.; Diallo, A. B.; Boukadoum, M.

Univariate and multivariate time-series methods to forecast dairy income [External] Article d'actes

Dans: Washington, DC, 2023.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de conference

Boyer, Véronique; Shepley, Elise; McPherson, Sarah E.; John, Jessica St; Vasseur, Elsa

Housing of Dairy Cattle: Enhancing Movement Opportunity in Housing Systems [External] Section de livre

Dans: Haskell, Marie (Ed.): Cattle Welfare in Dairy and Beef Systems, vol. 23, p. 91–104, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2023, ISBN: 978-3-031-21019-8 978-3-031-21020-4.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: section d’un livre

Nejati, Amir; Bradtmueller, Anna; Shepley, Elise; Vasseur, Elsa

Technology applications in bovine gait analysis: A scoping review [External] Article de journal

Dans: PLOS ONE, vol. 18, no 1, p. e0266287, 2023, ISSN: 1932-6203.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de journal

@article{nejati_technology_2023,

title = {Technology applications in bovine gait analysis: A scoping review},

author = {Amir Nejati and Anna Bradtmueller and Elise Shepley and Elsa Vasseur},

editor = {Yaodong Gu},

url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266287},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0266287},

issn = {1932-6203},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2024-06-05},

journal = {PLOS ONE},

volume = {18},

number = {1},

pages = {e0266287},

abstract = {Quantitative bovine gait analysis using technology has evolved significantly over the last two decades. However, subjective methods of gait assessment using visual locomotion scoring remain the primary on-farm and experimental approach. The objective of this review is to map research trends in quantitative bovine gait analysis and to explore the technologies that have been utilized to measure biomechanical parameters of gait. A scoping literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A search algorithm based on PICO framework generated three components–bovine, gait, and technology–to address our objectives. Three online databases were searched for original work published from January 2000 to June 2020. A two-step screening process was then conducted, starting with the review of article titles and abstracts based on inclusion criteria. A remaining 125 articles then underwent a full-text assessment, resulting in 82 final articles. Thematic analysis of research aims resulted in four major themes among the studies: gait/claw biomechanics, lameness detection, intervention/comparison, and system development. Of the 4 themes, lameness detection (55% of studies) was the most common reason for technology use. Within the literature identified three main technologies were used: force and pressure platforms (FPP), vision-based systems (VB), and accelerometers. FPP were the first and most popular technologies to evaluate bovine gait and were used in 58.5% of studies. They include force platforms, pressure mapping systems, and weight distribution platforms. The second most applied technology was VB (34.1% of studies), which predominately consists of video analysis and image processing systems. Accelerometers, another technological method to measure gait characteristics, were used in 14.6% of studies. In sum, the strong demand for automatic lameness detection influenced the path of development for quantitative gait analysis technologies. Among emergent technologies, deep learning and wearable sensors (e.g., accelerometers) appear to be the most promising options. However, although progress has been made, more research is needed to develop more accurate, practical, and user-friendly technologies.},

keywords = {Article de journal},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Fermer

Quantitative bovine gait analysis using technology has evolved significantly over the last two decades. However, subjective methods of gait assessment using visual locomotion scoring remain the primary on-farm and experimental approach. The objective of this review is to map research trends in quantitative bovine gait analysis and to explore the technologies that have been utilized to measure biomechanical parameters of gait. A scoping literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A search algorithm based on PICO framework generated three components–bovine, gait, and technology–to address our objectives. Three online databases were searched for original work published from January 2000 to June 2020. A two-step screening process was then conducted, starting with the review of article titles and abstracts based on inclusion criteria. A remaining 125 articles then underwent a full-text assessment, resulting in 82 final articles. Thematic analysis of research aims resulted in four major themes among the studies: gait/claw biomechanics, lameness detection, intervention/comparison, and system development. Of the 4 themes, lameness detection (55% of studies) was the most common reason for technology use. Within the literature identified three main technologies were used: force and pressure platforms (FPP), vision-based systems (VB), and accelerometers. FPP were the first and most popular technologies to evaluate bovine gait and were used in 58.5% of studies. They include force platforms, pressure mapping systems, and weight distribution platforms. The second most applied technology was VB (34.1% of studies), which predominately consists of video analysis and image processing systems. Accelerometers, another technological method to measure gait characteristics, were used in 14.6% of studies. In sum, the strong demand for automatic lameness detection influenced the path of development for quantitative gait analysis technologies. Among emergent technologies, deep learning and wearable sensors (e.g., accelerometers) appear to be the most promising options. However, although progress has been made, more research is needed to develop more accurate, practical, and user-friendly technologies.

Fermer

Habanabakize, Ernest; Ba, Koki; Corniaux, Christian; Cortbaoui, Patrick; Vasseur, Elsa

A typology of smallholder livestock production systems reflecting the impact of the development of a local milk collection industry: Case study of Fatick region, Senegal [External] Article de journal

Dans: Pastoralism, vol. 12, no 1, p. 22, 2022, ISSN: 2041-7136.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de journal

@article{habanabakize_typology_2022,

title = {A typology of smallholder livestock production systems reflecting the impact of the development of a local milk collection industry: Case study of Fatick region, Senegal},

author = {Ernest Habanabakize and Koki Ba and Christian Corniaux and Patrick Cortbaoui and Elsa Vasseur},

url = {https://pastoralismjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13570-022-00234-8},

doi = {10.1186/s13570-022-00234-8},

issn = {2041-7136},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-01},

urldate = {2024-06-05},

journal = {Pastoralism},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

pages = {22},

abstract = {Abstract 

 Senegal is a country where millions of livelihoods directly depend on smallholder livestock production activities. Unfortunately, these farmers now face the effects of a changing climate and associated societal responses. In addition, the lack of understanding of the specific farmers’ problems in their respective production systems by assuming homogeneity has led to inappropriate planning of interventions and inefficient utilization of resources. The variations in individual farming systems and local contexts require to understand each system separately to inform decision-makers and relevant stakeholders about specific entries of intervention for farmers based on customized needs. Using a Fatick region case study, different statistical clustering techniques were adopted to develop a livestock typology that reflects the above realities. This typology confirmed the co-existence of three livestock production cluster systems with differences and similarities in their production targets and quantities, market access, animal breeds, and the livestock management system of the animals. The studied region represented a new format of smallholder livestock development, where the implementation of a dairy processor and its milk collection centre created a new dynamic in production activities. Farmers confirmed that the extension services and a consistent market opportunity provided by the dairy processor increased local productivity and offered an alternative source of income but they have also reiterated concerns like the dairy processor’s low milk buying prices which need to be addressed. To harness the growth and the regional opportunities, there is a need to establish robust and continuous collaboration structures between the Government, agro-industries, and producers. These public-private partnerships will help producers lower the cost of inputs and services and increase productivity while boosting local dairy production.},

keywords = {Article de journal},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

Fermer

Mokhtarnazif, S.; Shepley, E.; Nejati, A.; Dallago, G. M.; Vasseur, E.

Effects of outdoor access on movement-restricted dairy cattle, How frequency impacts gait and hoof health of non-clinically lame cows [External] Présentation

Drummondville, Qc, 01.11.2022.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{mokhtarnazif_effects_2022,

title = {Effects of outdoor access on movement-restricted dairy cattle, How frequency impacts gait and hoof health of non-clinically lame cows},

author = {S. Mokhtarnazif and E. Shepley and A. Nejati and G. M. Dallago and E. Vasseur},

url = {https://www.craaq.qc.ca/Evenements-du-CRAAQ/symposium-sur-les-bovins-laitiers-2022/e/2616},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-01},

urldate = {2022-11-01},

address = {Drummondville, Qc},

abstract = {Bien que l’industrie laitière semble se diriger vers une obligation d’accès régulier à l’exercice pour les vaches, les connaissances quant aux bienfaits d’un tel accès et à la fréquence requise pour obtenir ces bienfaits sont encore limitées. De plus, certains producteurs hésitent à fournir un tel accès en raison de contraintes de main-d’œuvre et de doutes quant aux avantages pour leurs vaches. Afin de répondre à ces questions, nous avons comparé différentes fréquences d’accès à une aire d’exercice extérieure (1h/j, 3 j/sem ou 1j/sem pendant 5 sem) chez 36 vaches laitières logées en stabulation entravée. Nous avons misé sur l’utilisation combinée de techniques d’évaluation visuelles ainsi que d’outils technologiques de pointe pour évaluer la démarche des vaches. Jusqu’ici, les résultats obtenus pour l’évaluation visuelle de la démarche et de la fréquence des lésions aux onglons ne montrent aucune différence entre les vaches sorties 3j/sem et celles sorties 1j/sem. Il semble qu’avoir fourni un accès à l’exercice à l’une ou l’autre de ces fréquences ait mené à une légère amélioration de la cote de locomotion des vaches, sans impact négatif sur la santé des onglons. Bien que plusieurs résultats restent à analyser, il apparaît qu’un accès à l’exercice à raison de 1j/sem soit comparable à 3j/sem en faits de bienfaits pour les vaches, signe qu’il y a plusieurs options pouvant être appliquées efficacement à la ferme, offrant ainsi plus de flexibilité aux producteurs dans l’application des nouvelles obligations à venir.},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

Fermer

Dallago, G. M.; Mauyenova, N.; Warner, D.; Cue, R. I.; Vasseur, E.

Using the Herd Status Index to remotely assess the welfare status of dairy herds based on prerecorded data [External] Article de journal

Dans: animal, vol. 16, no 10, p. 100641, 2022, ISSN: 17517311.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de journal

Warner, D.; Dallago, G. M.; Dovoedo, O. W.; Lacroix, R.; Delgado, H. A.; Cue, R. I.; Wade, K. M.; Dubuc, J.; Pellerin, D.; Vasseur, E.

Keeping profitable cows in the herd: A lifetime cost-benefit assessment to support culling decisions [External] Article de journal

Dans: animal, vol. 16, no 10, p. 100628, 2022, ISSN: 17517311.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de journal

Vasseur, Elsa; Galindo, Francisco; Mora, Ricardo

Webinar: Science, animal welfare and livestock production [External] Présentation

Online, 01.10.2022.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Muszik, J.; Cellier, M.; Aigueperse, N.; Vasseur, V.

Providing Outdoor Access Increases Interactions with Handlers and Can Improve Cattle Welfare Through More Positive Human-Animal Relationships [External] Présentation

Des Moines, Iowa, 01.10.2022.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Aigueperse, N.; Boyer, V.; Vasseur, E.

Don’t get in their way: How outing conditions relate to the motivation of movement-restricted cattle to access an outdoor exercise yard [External] Présentation

Ohrid, North Macedonia, 01.10.2022.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{aigueperse_dont_2022,

title = {Don’t get in their way: How outing conditions relate to the motivation of movement-restricted cattle to access an outdoor exercise yard},

author = {N. Aigueperse and V. Boyer and E. Vasseur},

url = {https://www.applied-ethology.org/cgi-bin/showpage.fcgi?dlid=1121;extmode=dlredir},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-01},

urldate = {2022-10-01},

address = {Ohrid, North Macedonia},

abstract = {Providing regular outdoor access could represent an enrichment for movement-restricted cows; however, the characteristics of the enrichment is likely to impact their motivation. Thus, our study addressed the question of how the outing experience provided (handling, duration and space) relates to the motivation of cows for an enrichment (here, increasing the opportunity for movement for movement-restricted animals). In a series of 3 trials (analysed independently), sixteen tiestall cows in winter (W) and summer (S), and fi fteen in the fall (F) were provided with daily outdoor access in groups of 2 (W,S) or 3 (F) cows for 8 (W,S) or 5 (F) weeks. Go- out and go-in trips to and from the outdoor paddock were assessed for trip duration, cow locomotor behaviour, and for instances of attempts from cows to resist the handlers or to force their way forward. Differences between the duration of go-out and go-in trips were analysed using t-tests, while cows’ behaviours were analysed through LMr comparisons on PCA scores for each trial, with go-out and go-in as fi xed factors. The same two dimensions were revealed for all three seasons: ‘Trip Speed’ (duration vs speed, caracoling and running) and ‘Stops Quality’ (resistance and balking vs free stops). These dimensions accounted for cow reactions to handling. LMr comparisons of cows’ scores on the two dimensions were also tested for outing conditions (time: 1h, 2h; and space provided: 20, 40, 60, 80 m²). Gaps between the go- out and the go-in trips speed differed between all three seasons. These, as well as the Trip Speed and Stop Quality dimensions scores, yielded three different motivation profi les which corresponded to the three trials: 1) “Outdoor enthusiasts” (Profi le F) had increased travel times during go-ins (possibly indicating a lack of motivation to return indoors) and exhibited caracoling and running behaviors in the alleyway during goouts, potentially expressing positive emotion. 2) “Mile a minute” cows (Profi le W) showed similar quick travel speeds on go-outs and go-ins; 3) “Thwarted motivation” cows (Profi le S) had longer go-out trips and expressed frustration through negative interactions with humans, which resulted in resistance and forced stops, to the point they were becoming dangerous to handle. Our results also showed greater speed on go-ins after 2h than after 1h, and more negative interactions with handlers with the smallest paddock. We concluded that the cows’ experience led to different motivation profi les, and that outing conditions impact motivation for enrichment, and therefore its effectiveness.},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

Fermer

Providing regular outdoor access could represent an enrichment for movement-restricted cows; however, the characteristics of the enrichment is likely to impact their motivation. Thus, our study addressed the question of how the outing experience provided (handling, duration and space) relates to the motivation of cows for an enrichment (here, increasing the opportunity for movement for movement-restricted animals). In a series of 3 trials (analysed independently), sixteen tiestall cows in winter (W) and summer (S), and fi fteen in the fall (F) were provided with daily outdoor access in groups of 2 (W,S) or 3 (F) cows for 8 (W,S) or 5 (F) weeks. Go- out and go-in trips to and from the outdoor paddock were assessed for trip duration, cow locomotor behaviour, and for instances of attempts from cows to resist the handlers or to force their way forward. Differences between the duration of go-out and go-in trips were analysed using t-tests, while cows’ behaviours were analysed through LMr comparisons on PCA scores for each trial, with go-out and go-in as fi xed factors. The same two dimensions were revealed for all three seasons: ‘Trip Speed’ (duration vs speed, caracoling and running) and ‘Stops Quality’ (resistance and balking vs free stops). These dimensions accounted for cow reactions to handling. LMr comparisons of cows’ scores on the two dimensions were also tested for outing conditions (time: 1h, 2h; and space provided: 20, 40, 60, 80 m²). Gaps between the go- out and the go-in trips speed differed between all three seasons. These, as well as the Trip Speed and Stop Quality dimensions scores, yielded three different motivation profi les which corresponded to the three trials: 1) “Outdoor enthusiasts” (Profi le F) had increased travel times during go-ins (possibly indicating a lack of motivation to return indoors) and exhibited caracoling and running behaviors in the alleyway during goouts, potentially expressing positive emotion. 2) “Mile a minute” cows (Profi le W) showed similar quick travel speeds on go-outs and go-ins; 3) “Thwarted motivation” cows (Profi le S) had longer go-out trips and expressed frustration through negative interactions with humans, which resulted in resistance and forced stops, to the point they were becoming dangerous to handle. Our results also showed greater speed on go-ins after 2h than after 1h, and more negative interactions with handlers with the smallest paddock. We concluded that the cows’ experience led to different motivation profi les, and that outing conditions impact motivation for enrichment, and therefore its effectiveness.

Fermer

McDonald, L.; Cellier, M.; AIgueperse, N.; Vasseur, E.

Does the frequency of exits in an exercise area impact the anticipatory behaviors performed by cattle before their exit? [External] Présentation

Drummonville, Quebec, 01.10.2022.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Mokhtarnazif, S.; Shepley, E.; Nejati, A.; Dallago, G. M.; Vasseur, E.

Effects of outdoor access on movement-restricted dairy cattle, How frequency impacts gait and hoof health of non-clinically lame cows [External] Présentation

Drummondville, Quebec, 01.10.2022.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Habanabakize, Ernest; Diasse, Mame Astou; Cellier, Marjorie; Toure, Katim; Wade, Idrissa; Ba, Koki; Camara, Astou Diao; Cortbaoui, Patrick; Corniaux, Christian; Vasseur, Elsa

Characterizing grazing livestock systems for tailored adaptation support in Fatick, Senegal [External] Section de livre

Dans: Dry lands; deforestation; afforestation; reforestation; silvopastoral systems; climate change adaptation; case studies, FAO, 2022, ISBN: 978-92-5-136956-2.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: section d’un livre

Mokhtarnazif, S.; Shepley, E.

How do different frequencies of outdoor access influence the gait and hoof health of non-clinically lame cows housed in a movement restricted environment? [External] Présentation

Minnesota, USA, 01.09.2022.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{mokhtarnazif_how_2022,

title = {How do different frequencies of outdoor access influence the gait and hoof health of non-clinically lame cows housed in a movement restricted environment?},

author = {S. Mokhtarnazif and E. Shepley},

url = {https://lamenessinruminants2022.com/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-01},

urldate = {2022-09-01},

address = {Minnesota, USA},

abstract = {Objective 

The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of 1 vs 3 days per week of access to an outdoor exercise yard on gait and hoof health of non-lame cows housed in tie-stalls as a model of cows kept in a movement-restricted environment. Our previous study utilized a similar design but with different treatment groups (1h 5d/week outdoor access vs. no outdoor access) and demonstrated an overall gait improvement of 1 score in cows receiving 5 weeks of outdoor access. Based on this, we hypothesized that providing lower frequencies of outdoor access for movement-restricted cows would also yield levels of positive outcomes on gait. We also hypothesized that provision of outdoor access will not lead to any detrimental effects on hoof health. 

Materials and methods Thirty-six lactating Holstein cows housed in tie-stall were enrolled in the study and blocked by parity and DIM (n=6/block). Cows were randomly assigned to one of two exercise treatments: cows receiving outdoor access for 1h/d 1d/week (Exercise1x) or 3d/week (Exercise3x) for 5 weeks. Overall gait and 6 gait attributes (swinging out, back arch, tracking-up, joint flexion, asymmetric step and reluctance to bear weight) were assessed by one observer using a 5-point visual gait scoring at three data collection periods: before the start of the study (Pre-trial), at the end of the study (Post-trial), and 8 weeks after the end of the study (Follow-up). Clinical assessment of claw lesions was conducted during hoof trimming at Pre-trial and Follow-up. Number, location and severity score of claw lesions were recorded. Overall gait, gait attributes, and severity of lesions were analysed using linear mixed effect models (α < 0.05), whereas lesions were analysed using mixed effect logistic regression models (α < 0.05). 

Results The average gait score for cows in Pre-trial, Post trial and Follow-up were 2.13 (Min: 1.5, Max: 3.5), 1.98 (Min: 1, Max: 3.5) and 2.02 (Min: 1, Max: 3), respectively. Regarding cows that scored ≥3, there were 3 in the pre-trial, 3 in the post-trial, and 2 in the follow-up period. There were no statistically significant differences for the changes in overall gait and gait attribute scores between the treatment groups and periods (P > 0.05). Throughout the experimental period, the observed change in the overall gait score was -0.13 ± 0.18 and -0.13 ± 0.17 for Exercise1x and Exercise3x, respectively (P > 0.05). Sole (n=39, average severity score = 1.26 ± 0.36) and white line hemorrhages (n=2, average severity score=1.5 ± 0.29) were the only claw lesions observed. Between Pre-trial and Follow-up, the prevalence of claw disorders did not change (P > 0.05) for Exercise1x (5.56% to 6.62%) or Exercise3x (9.72% to 6.94%). Similarly, the severity scores of claw lesions were not statistically different between treatment groups and periods (P > 0.05). 

Conclusion 

Contrary to our hypothesis, the preliminary evaluation of gait in the current study showed that changes in gait scores for cows provided with 1h 1d/week or 3d/week are negligible. It suggests that lower frequencies of outdoor access may not be sufficient to benefit gait compared to 1h 5d/week outdoor access. However, given that we did not target clinically lame cows upon enrollment, the small changes in gait that may occur between treatment groups over the 5-week application period may not be recognizable by visual gait scoring alone. Therefore, to precisely determine the impact of providing outdoor access on gait, kinetic and kinematic measurements of gait have been acquired through a pressure mapping system and a 3D motion analysis system for further analysis. The results of claw lesion assessment corroborated our previous study and showed that lower frequencies of outdoor access had little impact on claw lesions development in movement-restricted cows. However, to detect hoof pathologies at early/subclinical stages, the analysis of thermal images of cow’s hooves is currently underway.},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {presentation}

}

Fermer

Objective
The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of 1 vs 3 days per week of access to an outdoor exercise yard on gait and hoof health of non-lame cows housed in tie-stalls as a model of cows kept in a movement-restricted environment. Our previous study utilized a similar design but with different treatment groups (1h 5d/week outdoor access vs. no outdoor access) and demonstrated an overall gait improvement of 1 score in cows receiving 5 weeks of outdoor access. Based on this, we hypothesized that providing lower frequencies of outdoor access for movement-restricted cows would also yield levels of positive outcomes on gait. We also hypothesized that provision of outdoor access will not lead to any detrimental effects on hoof health.
Materials and methods Thirty-six lactating Holstein cows housed in tie-stall were enrolled in the study and blocked by parity and DIM (n=6/block). Cows were randomly assigned to one of two exercise treatments: cows receiving outdoor access for 1h/d 1d/week (Exercise1x) or 3d/week (Exercise3x) for 5 weeks. Overall gait and 6 gait attributes (swinging out, back arch, tracking-up, joint flexion, asymmetric step and reluctance to bear weight) were assessed by one observer using a 5-point visual gait scoring at three data collection periods: before the start of the study (Pre-trial), at the end of the study (Post-trial), and 8 weeks after the end of the study (Follow-up). Clinical assessment of claw lesions was conducted during hoof trimming at Pre-trial and Follow-up. Number, location and severity score of claw lesions were recorded. Overall gait, gait attributes, and severity of lesions were analysed using linear mixed effect models (α < 0.05), whereas lesions were analysed using mixed effect logistic regression models (α < 0.05).
Results The average gait score for cows in Pre-trial, Post trial and Follow-up were 2.13 (Min: 1.5, Max: 3.5), 1.98 (Min: 1, Max: 3.5) and 2.02 (Min: 1, Max: 3), respectively. Regarding cows that scored ≥3, there were 3 in the pre-trial, 3 in the post-trial, and 2 in the follow-up period. There were no statistically significant differences for the changes in overall gait and gait attribute scores between the treatment groups and periods (P > 0.05). Throughout the experimental period, the observed change in the overall gait score was -0.13 ± 0.18 and -0.13 ± 0.17 for Exercise1x and Exercise3x, respectively (P > 0.05). Sole (n=39, average severity score = 1.26 ± 0.36) and white line hemorrhages (n=2, average severity score=1.5 ± 0.29) were the only claw lesions observed. Between Pre-trial and Follow-up, the prevalence of claw disorders did not change (P > 0.05) for Exercise1x (5.56% to 6.62%) or Exercise3x (9.72% to 6.94%). Similarly, the severity scores of claw lesions were not statistically different between treatment groups and periods (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
Contrary to our hypothesis, the preliminary evaluation of gait in the current study showed that changes in gait scores for cows provided with 1h 1d/week or 3d/week are negligible. It suggests that lower frequencies of outdoor access may not be sufficient to benefit gait compared to 1h 5d/week outdoor access. However, given that we did not target clinically lame cows upon enrollment, the small changes in gait that may occur between treatment groups over the 5-week application period may not be recognizable by visual gait scoring alone. Therefore, to precisely determine the impact of providing outdoor access on gait, kinetic and kinematic measurements of gait have been acquired through a pressure mapping system and a 3D motion analysis system for further analysis. The results of claw lesion assessment corroborated our previous study and showed that lower frequencies of outdoor access had little impact on claw lesions development in movement-restricted cows. However, to detect hoof pathologies at early/subclinical stages, the analysis of thermal images of cow’s hooves is currently underway.

Fermer

Muszik, Jasmine; Cellier, M.; Aigueperse, N.; Vasseur, E.

It makes a brave cow: how frequency of outdoor access improves the reactivity and human-animal relationship of dairy cattle [External] Divers

2022.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{muszik_it_2022,

title = {It makes a brave cow: how frequency of outdoor access improves the reactivity and human-animal relationship of dairy cattle},

author = {Jasmine Muszik and M. Cellier and N. Aigueperse and E. Vasseur},

url = {https://www.applied-ethology.org/cgi-bin/showpage.fcgi?dlid=1121;extmode=dlredir},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-01},

urldate = {2022-09-01},

address = {Ohrid, North Macedonia},

abstract = {Movement restricted cattle are often denied the opportunity for daily mental and physical stimulation. Previous research has also established the physical and psychological benefi ts of allowing cattle to go outside. Increasing access to exercise may enhance welfare by enriching the lives of these animals and decreasing their reactivity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate to what extent the frequency of outdoor access impacts cattle reactivity in particular to humans. 36 Holstein cows from a tie-stall were divided into two treatments: a 3-exits and a 1- exit group that were allowed access to the outdoors three days of the week (n=18), and once a week (n=18), respectively. During outing day(s), the treatment cows, which were blocked into groups of three, were led to an outdoor area that was divided into six paddocks (each 117 m2 (9 m x 13 m)). Blocks were rotated weekly between paddocks for fi ve consecutive weeks. Animals were allowed outside for a duration of 1 hour. Cows were individually tested two weeks before, one day after, and eight weeks following the trial, for reactivity using a Human Approach Test which had four stages: 1. standing still, 2&3. taking one step closer in each stage, and 4. reaching out towards animal. Reactivity at each stage was recorded live using a score range of -3 to 3 (with increasingly positive scores indicating decreasing fear). Scores were analyzed with a mixed model with a Bonferroni adjustment, for each stage of the test. The treatment, period, and the interaction between treatment and period, were considered the f i xed effects while the cow nested into block was the random effect. There was no signifi cant difference in reactivity score between the treatments. Both treatments had relatively neutral scores before and right after the trial. Both treatments had higher scores during the follow-up period starting from stage 2 onward for 1-exit and stage 3 onward for 3-exits, with a signifi cant increase in score for stages 3 and 4 (min. increase = 0.48; P = 0.03; max increase = 0.51; P = 0.02). This demonstrates decreased fear of humans for both treatments, regardless of outing frequency, suggesting long-term effects of leading cows outdoors on human reactivity due to cows positively associating human approach with going outside. However, further reactivity tests, such as the sudden test, should also be utilized to understand if outing affects reactivity in a general way and not just human relationship.},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {misc}

}

Fermer

Movement restricted cattle are often denied the opportunity for daily mental and physical stimulation. Previous research has also established the physical and psychological benefi ts of allowing cattle to go outside. Increasing access to exercise may enhance welfare by enriching the lives of these animals and decreasing their reactivity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate to what extent the frequency of outdoor access impacts cattle reactivity in particular to humans. 36 Holstein cows from a tie-stall were divided into two treatments: a 3-exits and a 1- exit group that were allowed access to the outdoors three days of the week (n=18), and once a week (n=18), respectively. During outing day(s), the treatment cows, which were blocked into groups of three, were led to an outdoor area that was divided into six paddocks (each 117 m2 (9 m x 13 m)). Blocks were rotated weekly between paddocks for fi ve consecutive weeks. Animals were allowed outside for a duration of 1 hour. Cows were individually tested two weeks before, one day after, and eight weeks following the trial, for reactivity using a Human Approach Test which had four stages: 1. standing still, 2&3. taking one step closer in each stage, and 4. reaching out towards animal. Reactivity at each stage was recorded live using a score range of -3 to 3 (with increasingly positive scores indicating decreasing fear). Scores were analyzed with a mixed model with a Bonferroni adjustment, for each stage of the test. The treatment, period, and the interaction between treatment and period, were considered the f i xed effects while the cow nested into block was the random effect. There was no signifi cant difference in reactivity score between the treatments. Both treatments had relatively neutral scores before and right after the trial. Both treatments had higher scores during the follow-up period starting from stage 2 onward for 1-exit and stage 3 onward for 3-exits, with a signifi cant increase in score for stages 3 and 4 (min. increase = 0.48; P = 0.03; max increase = 0.51; P = 0.02). This demonstrates decreased fear of humans for both treatments, regardless of outing frequency, suggesting long-term effects of leading cows outdoors on human reactivity due to cows positively associating human approach with going outside. However, further reactivity tests, such as the sudden test, should also be utilized to understand if outing affects reactivity in a general way and not just human relationship.

Fermer

Cellier, M.; Aigueperse, N.; Shepley, E.; Villetaz-Robichaud, M.; Vasseur, E.

Let’s mo(o)ve cows! Quantifying and optimizing locomotor activity by providing different modalities of exercise access [External] Divers

2022.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

@misc{cellier_lets_2022,

title = {Let’s mo(o)ve cows! Quantifying and optimizing locomotor activity by providing different modalities of exercise access},

author = {M. Cellier and N. Aigueperse and E. Shepley and M. Villetaz-Robichaud and E. Vasseur},

url = {https://www.applied-ethology.org/},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-01},

urldate = {2022-09-01},

address = {Ohrid, North Macedonia},

abstract = {The intensifi cation of the animal industry is characterized by an increased indoor confi nement, which is criticized as the public sees freedom of movement as one of the most important living conditions for farm animals. One way to assess restricted movement opportunities is to consider the locomotor activity of cows living in systems where movement is more or less restricted, ranging from tie-stall to pasture. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of a management practice aiming to reduce the level of movement restriction imposed to animals housed in such systems, and to promote solutions for on-farm implementation. The objectives of our study were to 1) quantify the locomotor activity of cows housed in a movement-restricted environment when provided opportunity for movement outside the stall with an exercise area (trials 1-6); 2) evaluate which modalities of access to exercise optimize locomotor activity: i. outdoor vs indoor access (trials 1-2), ii. a combination of different durations of outing (1 vs 2h) and sizes of the exercise area (20, 40, 60 and 80m²) (trials 3-4); and 3) investigate activities performed when cows have access to these areas (trials 1-5). A series of six trials involving different exercise modalities were conducted between 2018 and 2021, with between 18 to 30 tie-stall-housed lactating Holstein depending on the trial (n=141 cows overall), as a model for movement-restricted cows. A meta-analysis was conducted on the least square means of daily number of steps for the exercise vs non-exercise treatments, while generalized linear mixed models were utilized to determine the impact on the number of daily steps by the modalities. The activities performed when cows had access to the exercise area were also analysed by descriptive statistics. Providing access to an exercise area for 1h increased daily steps by 53% (304 steps; 95% CI: 215-393; P<0.001), with modalities such as type of access (167 more steps, around 20% outdoor vs indoor; P<0.001), space (146 more steps, around 16% for large vs small area; P<0.001) and duration of the outing (84 more steps, around 9% with 2h vs 1h; P=0.002), playing a role. Apart from locomotor activities, cows also spent 50-65% of their time idle; and engaged in other activities such as exploration (5-20% of time) or social behaviors (5%). Our study highlights that 1h of daily exercise has a major impact on the amount of locomotion performed, while allowing cows to engage a greater range of natural behaviors.},

keywords = {Presentation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {misc}

}

Fermer

The intensifi cation of the animal industry is characterized by an increased indoor confi nement, which is criticized as the public sees freedom of movement as one of the most important living conditions for farm animals. One way to assess restricted movement opportunities is to consider the locomotor activity of cows living in systems where movement is more or less restricted, ranging from tie-stall to pasture. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of a management practice aiming to reduce the level of movement restriction imposed to animals housed in such systems, and to promote solutions for on-farm implementation. The objectives of our study were to 1) quantify the locomotor activity of cows housed in a movement-restricted environment when provided opportunity for movement outside the stall with an exercise area (trials 1-6); 2) evaluate which modalities of access to exercise optimize locomotor activity: i. outdoor vs indoor access (trials 1-2), ii. a combination of different durations of outing (1 vs 2h) and sizes of the exercise area (20, 40, 60 and 80m²) (trials 3-4); and 3) investigate activities performed when cows have access to these areas (trials 1-5). A series of six trials involving different exercise modalities were conducted between 2018 and 2021, with between 18 to 30 tie-stall-housed lactating Holstein depending on the trial (n=141 cows overall), as a model for movement-restricted cows. A meta-analysis was conducted on the least square means of daily number of steps for the exercise vs non-exercise treatments, while generalized linear mixed models were utilized to determine the impact on the number of daily steps by the modalities. The activities performed when cows had access to the exercise area were also analysed by descriptive statistics. Providing access to an exercise area for 1h increased daily steps by 53% (304 steps; 95% CI: 215-393; P<0.001), with modalities such as type of access (167 more steps, around 20% outdoor vs indoor; P<0.001), space (146 more steps, around 16% for large vs small area; P<0.001) and duration of the outing (84 more steps, around 9% with 2h vs 1h; P=0.002), playing a role. Apart from locomotor activities, cows also spent 50-65% of their time idle; and engaged in other activities such as exploration (5-20% of time) or social behaviors (5%). Our study highlights that 1h of daily exercise has a major impact on the amount of locomotion performed, while allowing cows to engage a greater range of natural behaviors.

Fermer

Tonooka, J. M.; Vasseur, E.; Robichaud, M. Villettaz

Graduate Student Literature Review: What is known about the eliminative behaviors of dairy cattle? [External] Article de journal

Dans: Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 105, no 7, p. 6307–6317, 2022, ISSN: 00220302.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de journal

Naghashi, Vahid; Diallo, Abdoulaye Banire

A Model for the Prediction of Lifetime Profit Estimate of Dairy Cattle (Student Abstract) [External] Article d'actes

Dans: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, p. 13021–13022, 2022.

Résumé | Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de conference

@inproceedings{naghashi_model_2022,

title = {A Model for the Prediction of Lifetime Profit Estimate of Dairy Cattle (Student Abstract)},

author = {Vahid Naghashi and Abdoulaye Banire Diallo},

url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/21647},

doi = {10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21647},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-06-01},

urldate = {2024-10-16},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},

volume = {36},

pages = {13021–13022},

abstract = {In livestock management, the decision of animal replacement requires an estimation of the lifetime profit of the animal based on multiple factors and operational conditions. In Dairy farms, this can be associated with the profit corresponding to milk production, health condition and herd management costs, which in turn may be a function of other factors including genetics and weather conditions. Estimating the profit of a cow can be expressed as a spatio-temporal problem where knowing the first batch of production (early-profit) can allow to predict the future batch of productions (late-profit). 

This problem can be addressed either by a univariate or multivariate time series forecasting. Several approaches have been designed for time series forecasting including Auto-Regressive approaches, Recurrent Neural Network including Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) method and a very deep stack of fully-connected layers. In this paper, we proposed a LSTM based approach coupled with attention and linear layers to better capture the dairy features. We compare the model, with three other architectures including NBEATs, ARIMA, MUMU-RNN using dairy production of 292181 dairy cows. The results highlight the performence of the proposed model of the compared architectures. They also show that a univariate NBEATs could perform better than the multi-variate approach there are compared to. We also highlight that such architecture could allow to predict late-profit with an error less than 3$ per month, opening the way of better resource management in the dairy industry.},

keywords = {Article de conference},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

Fermer

Dallago, G. M.; Bradtmueller, A.; Boatswain-Jacques, A.; Shepley, E.

Making sense of sensors to focus on cow health and welfare: The case of building machine learning models to evaluate locomotion ability. [External] Présentation

Montreal, 01.05.2022.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Presentation

Ayat, M.; Bisson, G.; Prince, J.; Fuentes, V.; Warner, D.; Lefebvre, D. M.; Santschi, D. E.; Lacroix, R.

Automated anomaly detection for milk components and diagnostics in dairy herds [External] Article d'actes

Dans: Proceedings ICAR Annual Conference 2022 in Montreal ICAR Technical Series #26, Montreal, 2022.

Liens | BibTeX | Étiquettes: Article de conference

Fuentes, V.; Martin, T.; Valtchev, P.; Diallo, A. B.; Lacroix, R.; Leduc, M.

DCPO: The dairy cattle performance ontology, a tool for domain modelling and data analytics [External] Article d'actes

Dans: Proceedings ICAR Annual Conference 2022 in Montreal ICAR Technical Series #26.pdf, Montreal, 2022.

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